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Females prefer indirect aggression, which Anne Campbell described last year in an article in Behavioral and Brain Sciences journal.
He says that the attacks formed the latest assault in what is widely described as hybrid warfare on Western countries using direct and indirect aggression.
"Indirect aggression by its nature seeks to conceal the identity of the attacker and should therefore be less appealing to boys," wrote Dr. Campbell, a psychologist at Durham University in England.
The results of the experiment jibe with evidence that this "mean girl" form of indirect aggression is used more by adolescents and young women than by older women, who have less incentive to handicap rivals once they marry.
Other studies have shown that the more attractive an adolescent girl or woman is, the more likely she is to become a target for indirect aggression from her female peers.
Indirect aggression can take a psychological toll on women who are ostracized or feel pressured to meet impossible standards, like the vogue of thin bodies in many modern societies.
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The emergence of a research literature exploring parallels between physical and nonphysical (i.e., social, relational, indirect) forms of aggression has raised many questions about the developmental effects of aggressive behavior on psychological functioning, peer relationships, and social status.
Secondly, dominance-related strategies were more important for boys than girls in dating popularity whereas indirect, or relational, aggression strategies were more important for girls than boys.
Girls become adept at what researchers call indirect or relational aggression.
Another, indirect facet of aggression is the establishment of a dominance hierarchy which is used by individuals to solve/avoid conflicts in a less costly manner.
A similar study by the same research group predicted the development and change of combined indirect and physical aggression.
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