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Viruses characterized from recent outbreaks in 2015 and 2017 displayed amino acid substitution at position 167 (G→E) on the surface of VP28 protein which has demonstrated the probable replacement of indigenous virus pool.
Thus a rubella vaccination strategy in Burkina needs to ensure high enough vaccination coverage rates (≥ 80%) to interrupt indigenous virus circulation [ 12].
But careful reanalysis of the 1545 and 1576 epidemics now indicates that they were probably hemorrhagic fevers, likely caused by an indigenous virus and carried by a rodent host.
The localised nature of the cases – all have been discovered in the southern border provinces – indicate that Afghanistan is winning the battle against the indigenous virus thanks to a massive drive that has seen millions of children vaccinated each year in every community in the country.
This finding, added to the political instability of the area during the time of the outbreak, supports the hypothesis of importation by infected animals or humans entering Sudan from the Congo Basin, and person-to-person transmission of virus, rather than transmission of indigenous virus from infected animals to humans.
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After several generations of mating with the locals, however, mixed-species great-great-great-great-grandchildren were better equipped to fight indigenous viruses.
In Africa, indigenous measles virus (MV) genotypes seem to have a distinct geographic distribution (8, 9 ).
However, indigenous measles virus outbreaks have been continuously reported, and a resurgence occurred in the end of 2012 that continued into 2013.
Susceptible population groups may reintroduce indigenous measles virus transmission even in countries confirmed as disease-free or in a population with high immunization coverage [ 34] facilitating the transmission of the disease to susceptible individuals still present in the region.
Although we detected no homologous recombination events between indigenous island viruses and the African CMG's recently transported to these islands, we did detect ample evidence of both recombination amongst and genome component re-assortments between the island and mainland African CMG's.
Indigenous hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly diagnosed in England due to a better awareness and understanding of the virus.
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