For example, in 2011 a study of 504 languages by New Zealand biologist Quentin D. Atkinson suggested that the number of phonemes a language contains may be an index of evolutionary diversity.
Although positive selection would accelerate non-synonymous mutation rate in a short period, in the long term, especially for duplicated genes in Group II and III with such a large divergence, dN is possible to use as an index of evolutionary time.
Finally, to estimate the cost of specialization, we defined an index of the evolutionary response of specialized parasites as the relative difference between infectivity of parasites that had evolved in a single regime and were tested on one of the host's isofemale lines, and the infectivity of generalists (that had evolved on a mixture of hosts) on the same isofemale line.
This indicates that the regular variation of the polyA/polyQ protein ratio is not just the result of two opposite trends in the absolute occurrence of polyQ and polyA repeats in proteomes throughout phylogenesis but is an index of related evolutionary dynamics in the occurrence of these two repeats.
Our work illustrates that the dynamics of evolutionary indices during these short-time early stages should also be taken into consideration in discussions of the "hourglass" model or the "funnel-like" model of embryo development.
We believe a precise exploration of the evolutionary indices of earlier developmental stages will lead to the creation of a more sophisticated model of selective pressure on the whole development process.
Through measuring the evolutionary indices of gene modules belonging to each stage, we observed change pattern of selective constraints on PED for the first time.
What this actually means is that the index looks for degree of influence of evolutionary similarities deriving from parallel evolution, convergence through different evolutionary pathways, and potentially, character state reversal (O'Brien and Lyman 2003).
To evaluate the selective or functional importance of genes, we used a parameter that measures the level of adaptive codon bias in E. coli (i.e. codon adaptive index, or CAI), and also estimates of evolutionary rates (Ka) between either pairs of orthologs in free-living bacteria or in pairs of symbionts.
To evaluate the selective or functional importance of genes, we used a parameter that measures the level of adaptive codon bias in E. coli (i.e. codon adaptive index, or CAI), and also estimates of evolutionary rates (Ka) between pairs of orthologs either in free-living bacteria or in pairs of symbionts.
