(By contrast, in the case of formative measurement, how indicators are structured entirely determines or forms the meaning of a factor. For differences between reflective and formative measurement systems, see Gim [22].) The indicators share the meaning, and the factor is well represented by about three to five of the indicators [23].
In this paper, we propose a systematized framework in which resource efficiency indicators can be structured and comprehensively positioned.
Pro-EnDurAncE indicators have been structured to capture various relevant aspects, as the impacts and costs of the studied product and of potentially replacing products, the maintenance and repair, the lifetime extension and the use of energy and auxiliary materials during the operation.
Further, composite indicators that are structured using several SEP markers increase accuracy and reduce measurement error compared with using individual markers.
The risk to ancient woodland indicators is spatially structured (greater in a relative continental compared to an oceanic climatic zone), though regional differences are weakened by significant variation (within regions) in woodland extent.
Among them, two indicators were established for structure (patient information and calculation of composite scores), 11 for process (e.g., access to care, assessments, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments), and one for outcome (effect of treatment on disease activity, including the goal of at least low disease activity after 6 months of treatment).
Landscape-structure indicators were shown to be good indicators of ecological sustainability because they are related to ecological characteristics of landscapes such as naturalness and biodiversity.
Single tree positions that would allow for the calculation of the spatial structure indicators were not available for the data sets used in this study.
The structure indicators were ranked by priority only.
Comparison of patterns among hospitals using cross-case analysis revealed that none of the structure indicators were related to the outcome indicators.
