This indicator was measured using four items: the number of physicians per 1000 people, percentage of deliveries assisted by a skilled birth attendant, percentage of the population with access to safe water and immunisation coverage measured as the percentage of children aged 12 23 months who had received one dose of measles vaccine.
The ABI and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocities (baPWV) as indicators of atherosclerosis were measured using Form PWV/ABI, BP-203PRE II (Omron Colin Co., Ltd, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan).
Many of the observed indicators in this study were measured using four to 6-point Likert-type scales.
Urinary levels of NGAL and NAG, indicators of tubular damage, were measured using an NGAL ELISA assay kit (Bioporto, Gentofte, Denmark) or with a colorimetric assay kit (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany), respectively.
Body weight, body height, head circumference, and waist circumference as an indicator of central obesity were measured using techniques described previously (8).
Socioeconomic and geographical circumstances were measured using indicators of household income, employment status, educational qualifications, neighbourhood remoteness and deprivation [ 19].
Standards of quality HIV/AIDS care and ART were measured using indicators that represent the rate of accomplishment of the standard or the expected threshold.
Most of these indicators can be measured using patient files or patient or caregiver interviews and reliability of assessment from patient-files is moderate.
27 The agreement between patient-risk-adjusted and fully adjusted charts in detecting indicator variations was measured using the weighted Cohen k statistic.
