Goodwin [8] used fare elasticity index as an indicator to study customer satisfaction in public transportation.
The ratio of biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demands (BOD/COD), termed as biodegradability index, is an important indicator to study the nature of biodegradability [31].
Owing to the intrinsic fluorescence of DOX, DOX was used as a fluorescent indicator to study the uptake of DOX-loaded PMs.
Meanwhile, methylene blue (MB) was used as an indicator to study the electron transfer phenomenon during the reduction process at negative potentials of -0.4 and -0.8 V, in 0.5 M Na2SO4.
A illustrates an event that occurs or will occur soon, so quantitative analyzing the participation degree of the real social M is an important indicator to study the event.
Results show that the flow field in the goaf is generally asymmetric; the location of the gas accumulation area changes with ventilation parameters and can be used as an evaluation indicator to study the air leakage extent in the goaf.
The degree of residual α-helical propensity detected in the N-terminal domain of lipid-free αS, measured by deviations in chemical shifts from random coil values, has been used as an indicator to study structural differences between the disease variants (33, 34).
A narrative summary approach was used to explore study characteristics and quality indicators to analyze study-to-study variations and their implications for the outcomes reported in the included RCTs [ 19, 20].
Facing these challenges, researchers have previously turned to new data sources, such as search queries [7 16], social media [17 20], satellite images [21 25], online commodity pricing [26, 27], financial transactions [28 31], check-in data [32] and mobile phone data [33 40], to build socio-economic indicators or to study economic behaviours from different perspectives.
