When discontinuities are present, we locally apply dissipation around these discontinuities with the help of Krivodonova's discontinuity indicator such that spurious oscillations are suppressed.
Denote by Yi a latent indicator such that Y i = 1,0,-1 implies that gene i belongs to the first, second and third populations, respectively.
Let < gi, g j > be a pair of genes, and let x i, j k be an indicator such that x i, j k equals 1 if both g i and g j appear in dataset D k, and 0 otherwise.
Also, set y as an indicator variable such that y = 1, if the mRNA is a real miRNA target, and y = 0, otherwise.
Other types of indicators, such as those that measure barriers that deter companies and consumers from adopting the internet, count much less.
Past efforts have focused on identifying general leading indicators, such as maintenance backlog, that apply widely in an industry or even across industries.
In cost-effectiveness studies using indicators, such as the ICER, that describe the difference in cost, the difference in effectiveness between two scenarios is critical.
In terms of cancer-care quality, several studies indicated that quality indicators, such as length of stay after LC surgery 30 and time to LC treatment, 25 were better in settings outside VA.
Moreover, we also need to define an indicator matrix I(h ) such that I(h )(i, j) = 1 if items i and j are both in D(h ) and zero otherwise.
