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Although there are many indicators of infant health, this study focuses on birth weight.
The Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIIP) combines sleep/wake states, 5 facial actions and 2 hand actions.
Examples of indicators of infant health at the population level include neonatal mortality rate, post neonatal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, birth weight distribution, and gestational age distribution [2],[3].
Additional indicators of infant and child health for Kenya show that 85 of every 1,000 infants born alive in Kenya in 2010 were likely to die before reaching their fifth birthday, 15% of all under five deaths in Kenya in 2010 were due to premature births, and about 16% of children under 5 years of age in Kenya are underweight [8].
Studies in different populations have shown an inverse association between birthweight and cardiovascular disease that is independent of potential confounding factors [9], and indicators of infant and childhood environmental exposures appear to be related to future cardiovascular disease risk [9].
All previously published economic evaluations of IPTp-SP have used surrogate indicators of infant mortality, such as low birth weight and parasitemia or placental malaria as surrogate indicators of maternal morbidity and mortality to calculate disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [5] [9].
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Conclusion: Although a definition of macrosomia as >4000 g (grade 1) may be useful for the identification of increased risks of labor and newborn complications, >4500 g (grade 2) may be more predictive of neonatal morbidity, and >5000 g (grade 3) may be a better indicator of infant mortality risk.
Fujiwara has shown that this increased spending directly after elections in 1998 and 2002 resulted in fewer babies being born underweight, a key indicator of infant mortality.
6 It is also an important indicator of infant growth in the first year of life.
Age at introduction of cow's milk, an indicator of infant feeding practices, was classified as <3 mo vs. ≥3 mo.
No reliable indicator of infant and toddler mental health was available to the survey – as such, no mental health data were collected for 0 3 year olds.
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