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Non-completion was associated with scoring high on clinical indicators of frailty.
They also reported that while on HAART, older patients had a reduced ability to exercise and lower functional performance, two important indicators of "frailty syndrome".
Strong associations were seen with predisposing factors including physical and cognitive indicators of frailty, and potentially modifiable factors including dehydration, inflammatory response, infection and catheterisation.
For example, we excluded some studies that used measures of physical functioning in combination with self-reported measures of perceived frailty (e.g., weight loss, exhaustion, weakness) as indicators of "frailty" (41– 41).
38 Katz 39 hypothesized that if effects of white matter lesions on the brain are more anterior, the clinical presentation is likely to be late-life depression, whereas if the white matter hyperintensities are more posterior, it may manifest in the form of gait disturbances, weakness, and slowness, which are also indicators of frailty.
In the one study examining grip strength, there was evidence that those who were weaker were at increased risk of subsequently reporting a long-term nursing home stay in models with basic adjustments, but this was not maintained after adjustment for other indicators of frailty which may mediate this association (Table 2 and Supplementary data available in Age and Ageing online).
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The slowest 20percentt were considered to have this indicator of frailty.
Results: Significant improvement was made by the exercise group on our primary indicator of frailty, a physical performance test (PPT) (29 ± 4 vs 31 ± 4 out of a possible 36 points), as well as many of the risk factors previously identified as contributors to frailty; eg, reductions in flexibility, strength, gait speed, and poor balance.
Consequently, low handgrip strength is considered as an accurate indicator of frailty [25].
Another limitation is that immobility could be an indicator of frailty or the presence of multiple comorbidities.
Only one study included a personal indicator of frailty, in the form of the Groningen Frailty Index (GFI) self-report version.
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