Given the ubiquity of E. coli as a commensal pathogen in the human gut and in animal populations, resistance in E. coli may be a sensitive indicator of distinct therapeutic and nontherapeutic, appropriate and inappropriate uses of antimicrobial drugs (32).
The difficulties in the interpretation of the conflicting findings on the association between abuse and LBW may be exacerbated by the fact that low birthweight is a heterogeneous indicator of two distinct, although related, processes that may lead to low birthweight, short gestation and restricted fetal growth, making it difficult to elucidate causal effects [ 23].
This raises the question whether neck tenderness is an indicator for distinct subtypes of migraine: patients with neck pain as a simple symptom prior or during the attack without any identifiable changes in the periphery, and patients where the neck plays a crucial role either as a trigger or as a perpetuator for migraine attacks.
The WFD evaluation system and similar indices strongly depend on the presence of distinct indicator taxa at minimum abundances from each group included, which reduces their applicability in ecosystems with high anthropogenic pressure and dominance of neobiota (Arndt et al. 2009).
The use of distinct indicators allows us to analyze in detail the statistical features of the class representatives.
To address this issue we evaluated a panel of distinct indicators of systemic OxS, along with marker of bone formation (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, BAP) and resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, CTX-1) in a large population sample, including healthy, osteopenic and osteoporotic, postmenopausal women.
The usefulness of the approach for the evaluation of model performance is illustrated with case studies including those with similar goodness-of-fit indicators but distinct statistical interpretation, and others to analyze the effects of outliers, model bias and repeated data.
It is also in line with prior evidence of multiplicity of distinct risk indicators of PTSD [ 7, 12, 38].
The results of this research approach showed that several different inflammatory cytokines, type I and II cytokeratins, two surfactant protein A isoforms, calgranulins A and B, and other proteins, could be promising indicators of the phenotypic expression of distinct COPD variants [ 20].
