They argued that the conventional indicators of research output disadvantaged clinical academics, compared to full-time university scientists, who were described as having more time for basic research and better chances to publish it in journals with high impact factors.
We included articles or reports studying any of the official MDG 5 indicators in disadvantaged populations, which are maternal mortality, births attended by skilled health personnel, antenatal care use, contraceptive use, adolescent birth and unmet need for family planning.
Furthermore, although the spatial concentration of poverty is essential to the definition of disadvantaged neighborhoods, current efforts at systematizing this definition use indicators such as access to safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, electricity, overcrowding, and security of housing tenure.
As such the LGAs selected had a high proportion of disadvantaged communities, defined on the basis of an area wide indicator (socioeconomic index for areas [ 21]).
In a background briefing on the policy published after the speech, there was a commitment to publishing a strategy that would "set out our comprehensive plan for transforming the life chances of disadvantaged children and their families and will include a set of life indicators for measuring them".
Using these simple indicators, Figure 3 demonstrates that in terms of education or utilisation of different forms of health care, North-East province is totally different from the rest of Kenya, and in terms of typical indicators of socio-economic development, it is seriously disadvantaged.
The charity works with thousands of disadvantaged children every year.
Contributing to this process, the small fraction of disadvantaged suburbs exiting the 'disadvantaged' cohort 2006 2011 were predominantly those located closer to CBDs.
Coverage of disadvantaged populations was limited.
Based on this information, five levels of disadvantaged childhood circumstances were defined ranging from "most advantaged" to "most disadvantaged".
