14 Sex and age synthesize biological, psychological, social, historical, and cultural influences, representing indicators of conditions and influences accumulated over the course of life.
Using the logit link, it connects the expected probability of a read for gene g in condition i and sample j to the linear combinations of predictors, such as indicators of conditions and other covariates.
Weinstein et al. (2009) found lower levels of a biochemical indicator of condition, triacylglycerols, in F. heteroclitus from Phragmites compared with S. alterniflora.
The melanin-based black throat patch is an honest indicator of condition [ 15- 20] and is often referred to as a 'badge of status' (intrasexual selection).
In addition to morphological measures of condition, haematocrit, the packed volume of red blood cells in relation to total blood volume, is often measured as a presumed physiological indicator of condition in field studies of wild birds [ 18, 19].
This parameter reflects the extent and efficiency of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and thus the bird's ability for physical performance and is often used as an indicator of condition in birds [ 31].
There is evidence that in this genus carotenoid coloration is object of female preferences [ 41, 42], a better indicator of condition than melanin coloration [ 42, 43], and more evolutionarily labile [ 44].
Because haematocrit is directly related to oxygen uptake, it is typically regarded as a measure of physiological performance [ 18- 20], but its value as an indicator of condition or health state remains uncertain [ 11, 17, 21].
Size has been suggested to not be a good indicator of condition in this species (Rodríguez-Muñoz et al. 2010), and so may have limited bearing on the traits we measured.
Timely primary care prevents unplanned admissions into hospital and short stays admissions can be regarded as a proxy indicator of conditions that could be dealt with in primary care.
