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The model includes eight indicators of costs and nine indicators of benefits.
The new analysis also takes advantage of improvements in the measurement of work related outcomes from administrative data, namely a monthly indicator of benefit suspension or termination for work (STW) and a count of months in nonpayment status after STW (NSTW months) and before returning to current-pay status, attainment of the full retirement age (FRA), or death (NSTW months)5.
In view of the costs associated with targeted therapy for advanced RCC patients, it is reasonable to expect improvement in survival as an indicator of benefit.
Nevertheless, the argument can be made that the change in Ki67 would not be expected to act as a good surrogate for clinical response, and may in fact be rationalized to be a better indicator of benefit from treatment than clinical response itself, as follows.
However, the implication that all people should be in contact with mental health services, and therefore that using mental health services should be either a requirement or an indicator of benefits entitlement, is not justified.
Overall survival and patient-reported QoL have the advantage of being direct indicators of patient benefit.
PRO endpoints are increasingly being used to complement conventional indicators of treatment benefit (e.g., clinician-reported outcomes, biomarkers) in trials [ 32].
In fact, RR in mCRC significantly decreases in second- or third-line treatment, and tumour control or time-to-progression are more reliable indicators of treatment benefit.
Females may use male ornaments as indicators of direct benefits, like high parental investment or high quality territories, or as indicators of indirect benefits like genes for attractiveness or viability (Andersson 1994).
Fourth, flexible indicators of adaptation benefits are instruments to tailor international decision making and monitoring systems to local needs.
An explosion of information regarding the inflammatory response to sepsis has prompted a search for biomarkers that help elucidate molecular pathways that are important in the pathogenesis of the septic process and acute lung injury, that predict outcome, and that may serve as surrogate indicators of potential benefits of therapies [3] [8].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com