The conditions for innovation, however, can be informed by these indicators given the relevant sample choice (e.g., region, technology, size of the firm, etc).
where is the indicator function given by: (8).
The variable u in (SNM) represents external (synaptic) input to the cell, which we assume to be given, and s is a binary indicator variable, given by s_{n} = textstylebegin{cases} 1&text{if the neuron spiked at iteration $n$,} 0 &text{otherwise.} end{cases} (2) A Rulkov neuron spikes at iteration n if its membrane potential is reset to (v_{n+1}=-50) in the next iteration.
where X has the PDF (20), W has the PDF (21), I is an indicator variable given by I = left{ begin{array}{ll} 1 ; &,text{with probability},, p = frac{1}{2}left 1-e^{frac{-2mu}{sigma}}right), 0; &, text{with probability},, q = frac{1}{2}left 1-e^{frac{-2mu}{sigma}}right), end{array} right.
The state is currently ruled by the BJP but early indicators give the opposition Congress a fighting chance to unseat the party.
First, we consider being a welfare indicator the response given by household heads to the question regarding the ability of the households to make ends meet with their current incomes.
More formally, let X be a vector of potential confounders, P X) the propensity score and T the treatment indicator, P X) is given by: Pleft( X right) = Pleft( {T = 1 |X} right)Matching consists in reweighting observed outcomes to make the treated and non-treated individuals comparable in terms of propensity score.
Under the null hypothesis (the genomic region has no association with the disease), the expectation of the vector of indicator variables is given by: E 0 Z = p, p, …, p T, where p = Pr(presence of rare variants in the genomic region).
Everyone is looking for the signs, but the usual indicators give little comfort.
