Our analyses did not adjust for vehicle miles traveled, an indicator for exposure to the risk for death from a motor vehicle crash (Beck et al. 2007).
In this paper, let us assume the binary variable w to be an indicator for exposure to the improved varieties where w = 1 denotes exposure to at least one improved variety and w = 0, otherwise.
"Biomarkers are a more trustworthy indicator for exposure," he says.
Nitrogen dioxide was used as an indicator for exposure to DE (alone or in combination with gasoline exhaust).
Measurement of total arsenic in drinking water is often used to assess arsenic exposure, and because most arsenic in ground water is in inorganic forms, the level is a better indicator for exposure to inorganic arsenic.
Whereas cotinine in umbilical cord blood is a useful indicator for exposure to maternal active and passive smoking (Pichini et al. 2000), in utero biomarkers of toxic effects from cigarette smoke are still lacking.
As an indicator for exposure to point-of-sale pro-tobacco advertisements in school, we assessed the presence of tobacco retail outlets on school grounds with the question: "Can cigarettes or tobacco products be purchased inside your school buildings?".
Among these two protein families, An. gambiae gSG6, which is a reliable marker for exposure to An. gambiae[ 83- 85] bites, was recently reported to be a good indicator for exposure to bites from three main African malaria vectors from Cellia sb.
Finally, all collected indicators were gathered to generate a primary indicator pool which included 46 indicators (8 for exposure, 21 for sensitivity, and 17 for adaptive capacity).
Urinary arsenic levels are good indicators for recent exposure therefore, differences in maternal urinary arsenic level by arsenic exposure categories are not likely to be the effect of changing drinking water sources.
