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The HCR was constructed using methods adopted from engineering process control theory where the adjustment in total allowable catch was determined by estimating the size of the shift in the indicator time series.
For each state indicator time series, we defined two of the three thresholds, that is, a value representing reference (target), acceptable, or bad conditions.
There is also a shortage of indicator time series related to human pressures affecting all the three studied segments of environmental status of the central Baltic Sea.
Trends were estimated from linear regression using the i) five and ii) ten most recent data points in an indicator time series.
We analyzed trends in individual indicator time series to obtain information on the current situation of the ecosystem, independent of the challenges (such as definition of reference levels and aggregation of indicators) related to the assessment described above.
Using the defined thresholds, the individual indicator time series were transformed to common units on a scale from −1 to 1, which is a standard procedure in knowledge-based systems [22].
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Consequently, evaluation of the status of biodiversity appears to be essentially dependent on the availability and selection of indicator time-series.
However, the experiments show that with efficient market it is not easy to make profits using technical indicators or time series input neural networks.
For each indicator, we used time series from 1970 until 2003 or 2004, depending on the availability of the data.
A primary input to produce all four indicators is a time series of land cover information derived from medium (~ 30 m) resolution, Landsat-class sensors.
Symbolic analysis of economic indicators and derived time series offers an advantage of transferring quantitative values into qualitative notions by indexing intervals of numerical data with symbols.
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