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Firstly, the translation of quality indicators into a survey resulted in the text of the survey questions not being identical to the indicator text.
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In the following sections we describe techniques that can be used to automatically detect these indicators from text.
The list of indicators is not comprehensive and we use it to illustrate how it is possible to automatically detect evidence for indicators using text analysis techniques.
On economic indicators, the text "recognises the need for broader measures of progress to complement GDP in order to better inform policy decisions", and asks UN statisticians to begin work on the issue.
For all indicators, a text field is available for surveyors to explain the reason for their answer.
Our findings indicate that, while other demographic categories were not consistent indicators of text-matching, full professors were the most prevalent group to produce self-plagiarized abstracts.
Throughout the text, indicator numbers are given in parentheses.
Science and Technology indicators 2000 (Dutch Text).
Citation frequency is thus not taken to be a proxy for quality but as an indicator of which texts are widely used in this emerging field of research.
The different types of text indicators were selected and grouped based on the processes of planning, translation, and revision, as described in the Appendix, according to the criteria employed by Miranda et al. (2011).
Yet, without any text indicators, the viewer is left wondering if it was Pettibon's worldview and perspective that expanded, or simply his source library, with the advent of the internet.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com