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We use their reaction with a well-defined amount of a redox-active indicator substance, which is confined in a nanoparticle suspended in a solution containing the species of interest.
Benzo(a pyrene, [B(a P], is frequently considered to be an indicator substance.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have been chosen as an indicator substance for estimating the concentration of the urban plume.
Forced cell lysis may hold the solution, as it may bring the indicator substance into contact with the intracellular target proteins (Bao et al. 2011).
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For risk characterization organic micropollutants are classified in toxicological relevant contaminant categories with the aim to identiy indicator substances.
These indicator substances include the artificial sweetener acesulfame, the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen, the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole and the herbicide mecoprop among others.
The chemical indicator substances are intended to support comparisons between watersheds and technical and natural processes independent of specific water cycles and to reduce efforts and costs of chemical analyses without losing essential information.
Based on the literature and our own research this study proposes a limited number of OMP that can serve as indicator substances for the major sources of OMP, such as wastewater treatment plants, agriculture and surface runoff.
Proteins from the cadherin family have also recently come into the spotlight as potential indicator substances for gastrointestinal neoplasms.
In intensive care medicine, diagnostic and therapeutic decisions are frequently based on measuring blood concentrations of indicator substances, but it is well known that biochemical reactions take place in the tissues.
However, a problem is that the target enzymes are only expressed intracellularly in the metagenome host and the cell membrane might not necessarily be permeable to the indicator substances present in the medium.
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