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NO2 could have been used as an alternative indicator pollutant: using gas for cooking is widely linked with increases in NO2 indoors and there are relationships linking NO2 in outdoor air with a wide range of health outcomes, including mortality.
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In previous epidemiological research focusing on the associations between traffic pollution and asthma, allergies or sensitisation, investigators have used measured indicator pollutants as NO2 from stations representing the surrounding area or various surrogates to assess exposure.
Environmental monitoring of indicator pollutants has been carried out at sites near the refinery for a number of years by the local authority [ 21].
For example, Hoek et al. (2002) identi-fied a consistent association of cardiopulmonary mortality with traffic exposure, but not with estimated ambient background concentration of the traffic indicator pollutants black smoke and NO2.
The median lethal time (LT50) of O. melastigma is treated as an indicator of pollutant toxicity for toxicological comparison and correlation analysis.
Using a technique similar to dendrochronology in trees, it can act as an indicator of pollutant levels over a timeframe of several months to years.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a key indicator of pollutants in waste water from the agricultural, industrial and household sectors and its abatement has become a key requirement in China.
Likewise, his water quality rankings use EPA data that measures watershed quality by looking at 15 indicators like pollutants, sediments, and toxic releases.
d P-values are associated with the null hypothesis that the risk ratio for the pollutant indicator is 1.0.
We created a multi-pollutant indicator of industrial emissions to prevent biasing our sampling design toward one pollutant or industry type.
Indeed, recent systematic reviews and original studies have indicated positive associations between various air pollution indicators (e.g., gaseous pollutants, particulate matter, and air pollution surrogates) and birth outcomes [ 5- 8].
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