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The market equilibrium from individual occupational choices determines the relative size of each occupation group, as well as the average productivity of the economy (our indicator of welfare).
A similar and equally interesting analysis could be extended to some indicator of welfare or health so as to incorporate more appropriately the potential negative effects of under-skilling on workers well-being.
The right to choose is seen as a main indicator of welfare [ 33].
They are often associated with historic or current sub-optimal environments and have been used as an indicator of welfare [ 1].
In contrast, HRV gives information about autonomic flexibility and reflects the capacity for regulated emotional responding (Appelhans & Luecken, 2006); hence, HRV is considered an indicator of welfare status in animals (von Borell et al., 2007).
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The HDI combines three indicators of welfare: life expectancy, GDP per head and educational attainment.
The present study analyzed the effects of the pre-slaughter logistic chain on some indicators of welfare and meat quality in commercial light lambs at two different seasons.
Flocks were assessed for pecking behaviour, range use and general indicators of welfare at 40 weeks in Year 1 without the resource package.
Previous studies on environmental enrichment have generally placed a purported enrichment in the cage and observed changes in behavioural and physiological indicators of welfare.
Two experiments were conducted to determine comparative indicators of welfare in the two most common loose-housing systems for dairy cows, strawyards and cubicles.
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of two space allowances and two initial milk yield levels on indicators of welfare relating to behaviour, performance and health of dairy cows housed in strawyards (experiment 1), and cubicles (experiment 2).
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