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But in practice shapes are more difficult, "because it's difficult for applicants to show that consumers look at the shape of the product alone as an indicator of trade origin".
Additionally, and to ascertain the robustness of the findings, the three specifications above are also estimated with two different control variables and an alternative indicator of trade openness.
It would have been interesting to use another additional indicator of trade openness, more directly linked with trade policies, like average weighted tariffs, whose results could have been potentially more useful for informing economic policy.
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As alternative indicators of trade openness, we have also used (1) the import penetration ratio (imports as a share of GDP), which has been utilized by Romelli et al.
Conclusion We found no association between specific aggregate indicators of trade liberalization and TB incidence.
We found no association between specific aggregate indicators of trade liberalization and TB incidence in the crude analysis.
Although simple in design, the behaviors quantified by this assay can be used as indices of fear-related behavior in fish species, and are likely indicators of trade-offs between foraging and predator avoidance.
The BDI is a leading indicator of international trade and, by extension, of economic activity.
The Baltic Dry Index, a measure of shipping rates and an indicator of global trade activity, started to turn down late last year.There are two possible explanations for these signs of slowdown.
The assessing framework employs three models to explain the effect of the indicators on trade growth and to identify which model shows the powerful estimation for policy formulation.
The different combinations of indicators for trade openness and factor productivity are presented in summary form in Tables 4 and 5.
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