Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation either at the level of the receptor or downstream proteins, are likely to be better indicators of signal pathway activation and thus drug susceptibility, than mere quantification of receptor levels.
In the present study, we have investigated the level and frequency of expression of ER β in ER-negative tumours and its association with the basal phenotype and other established markers of prognosis, such as indicators of signal transduction pathways, proliferative and apoptotic markers.
Parameters such as laser power (P) or frequency of acquisition (F) are commonly used to adjust the sensor until a quality indicator of the signal acquired (Signal-to-Noise-Ratio) is maximised.
Moreover, the development of fluorescent fusion proteins and other indicators of signaling and differentiation events would allow the characterization of the functional capacity of DCs at distinct differentiation stages or signaling in T cells upon interaction with cognate antigens.
As calcium flux is one of the most reliable indicators of signaling through chemokine receptors [ 21], we also evaluated intracellular calcium release in 300.19-CCR2 cells upon MCP1 (250 ng/ml) and Hp (0.5 mg/ml) stimulation.
Additionally, target gene expression is only an indirect indicator of Wnt signal throughput and even if Wnt signaling was suppressed, other regulatory pathways may be responsible for increases in myc and cyclinD1 expression.
As previously shown, the Rényi entropy is a good indicator of the signal complexity (the number of components present in the signal) only when 1. all components have the similar structure in the time-frequency plane, and 2. the Rényi entropy of a single component is available. .
In the GPS receiver, SNR is used as an indicator of the signal power.
As originally proposed by Cohen in [24], the gain function itself is a more relevant indicator of speech signal intensity and is therefore more appropriate for use in the thresholding test than γ k,l).
