Changes in aerobic and anaerobic respiration were analysed by measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), an accurate indicator of mitochondrial respiration, and the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), an indirect measurement of lactic acid production, with a Seahorse XF96 analyser (Seahorse Bioscience, North Billerica, MA, USA; Figure 5).
As mentioned above, however, oxygen consumption rate is not always an indicator of coupled respiration.
It is generally assumed that oxygen consumption rate is a good indicator of cellular respiration and OxPhos.
In particular, OCR, as an indicator of mitochondrial respiration, and ECAR, as a function of glycolytic lactate production, by non-specific control and p32 siRNA-treated cells were simultaneously measured using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyser [ 19].
OCR, an indicator of mitochondrial respiration, and ECAR, representative of glycolysis, were normalised to the cell number of PBMCs from HC (n = 10), DC (n = 14) and DN patients (n = 16).
We measured mitochondrial and glycolytic respiratory parameters as indicators of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, as described in detail in the legend of Figure 1.
We measured mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCRs; indicators of mitochondrial respiration; specifically basal OCR, ATP turnover, reserve capacity, maximum capacity, and proton leak) and extracellular acidification rates (ECARs; indicators of glycolysis; specifically basal ECAR and glycolytic reserve), in the seeded PMBCs.
The simazine-degrading microorganisms in soil were estimated using an indicator for respiration combined with MPN enumeration.
To assess the longer-term consequences of these adaptations, Cooper and Lenski [ 27] employed Biolog™ plates, which are microtiter plates containing 95 different carbon sources and an indicator dye that reflects the amount of respiration on each substrate.
SR 4233 however induced cyanide-resistant respiration, an indicator of redox cycling mediated oxidative stress and became cytotoxic if hepatocyte catalase or glutathione reductase was inactivated.
