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Our previous observations have shown that loss of retinal ganglion cells is a reliable indicator of neuron loss in other brain regions and that the retina can be used as a surrogate tissue to monitor disease severity at least in a model of CLN1 disease [ 18].
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Curiously, adrenalectomized rats still exhibit c-Fos activation (an indicator of neuronal activation) in 11β-HSD2 neurons within the NTS after dietary sodium deprivation [75], which suggests that these 11β-HSD2 positive neurons are activated by factors additional to adrenal aldosterone and other corticosteroids.
Such changes in muscle fiber could be a consequence of NMJ dysfunction, or might be a very early indicator of motor neuron axon degeneration and regeneration.
TH is a well-established indicator of catecholamine neuron types.
Increased H-norephinephrine (H-NE) uptake, an indicator of sympathetic neuron differentiation [ 23], was observed with both RA -and miR-124-induced BE(2 -C cells.
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of acetylcholine and the most specific indicator of cholinergic neurons.
Interestingly, recent work in a mouse model of pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy proposes that phosphorylated ERK may represent an early indicator of activated neurons during spontaneous seizures [23].
For this reason, A2B5 immunoreactivity has been widely used as an indicator of immature neurons and glia.
However, they did find that indicators of neuronal metabolism suggest memantine may slow the destruction of neurons in patients with HIV.
30 Thus, the creatine peak reflects intracellular energy stores and would be expected to drop only when there has been significant cell death per unit of tissue, and is thereby a lagging indicator of injury to neurons and glia.
Briefly, the amplitude is related to the number of neurons; the phase delay is a further indicator of viability of activated neurons that may or may not be associated with amplitude reduction and in particular may mean that RGCs active respond more slowly.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com