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Several studies demonstrate a relationship between Cd exposure and lipid peroxidation [ 46– 48] indicating that Cd increased the hepatic level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a well-known indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a part of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) is frequently used as an indicator of lipid peroxidation.
Moreover, both GST and GST + CYND transgenic plants showed elevated activities of SOD and CAT compared to the wild type upon exposure to CN. MDA content, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was significantly decreased in all transgenic plants.
Neutrophil infiltration (measured as increase in myeloperoxidase activity in the mucosa) was associated with up-regulation of ICAM-1 and expression of P-selectin and high levels of malondialdehyde (an indicator of lipid peroxidation).
Whereas ADA is related to the production of free radicals by neutrophils, malondialdehyde (MDA) is an indicator of lipid peroxidation that is a general mechanism of tissue damage by free radicals.
The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the concentration of glutathione (GSH) was measured in the liver.
TBARS were measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and showed the greatest change in the anterior and posterior gills and hepatopancreas of animals exposed to 1 mg L−1 Cu ENMs (ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.05).
Intestinal lesions (judged by macroscopic and histological score) were associated with neutrophil infiltration (measured as increase in myeloperoxidase activity in the mucosa), increased serine protease activity (may be involved in the degradation of colonic tissue) and high levels of malondialdehyde (an indicator of lipid peroxidation).
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Antioxidative efficiency of extracts of rosemary, green tea, coffee and grape skin in precooked pork patties was investigated during storage under retail conditions (10 days, 4 °C, atmospheric air), using descriptive sensory profiling following reheating and quantitative measurements of hexanal, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and vitamin E as indicators of lipid oxidation.
When applied to indicators of lipid peroxidation, good regression models were also obtained allowing prediction of the pAV (p-anisidine value) and TBARs (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances): R = 0.73 and 0.96 in nuts and sesame seeds, respectively, with prediction errors lower than 0.78.
TBARS are indicators of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress [ 41].
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