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Only 1 percent of participants with no lifestyle-related risk factors developed protein in their urine, an early indicator of kidney damage, while 13 percent of those with three unhealthy factors developed the condition, known medically as proteinuria.
These mice exhibited dose-dependent elevation of blood urea nitrogen, an indicator of kidney damage.
Urea (BUN) is another indicator of kidney function.BUN to creatinine ratio generally provides more precise information about kidney function.
There is increasing clinical interest in accurate measurement of urine albumin as an early indicator of kidney disease.
Urea and creatinine are the two enzymes generally used in testing nephroactivity as they are the chief indicator of kidney function.
We observed no significant changes in the plasma levels of ALT (marker of liver function) or BUN (sensitive indicator of kidney damage) after oral administration of the silica particles in treated mice compared with control mice (Figure 2B,C).
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Non-CKD: no indicators of kidney damage.
Indicators of kidney damage and possible risk factors then were examined.
The associations between health characteristics, indicators of kidney damage (proteinuria) and kidney function (<60 ml/min/1.73 m) were also examined.
Indicators of kidney (creatinine) and liver (aspartate aminotransferase) function were within normal ranges for the duration of the study.
Information on indicators of kidney function was available for 97.4% (n = 10,949 of 11,247) of participants from the general population (AusDiab survey).
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