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The objectives of this study are to demonstrate preoperative significance of RDW as a simple and easily available indicator of inflammatory and oxidative stress in patients scheduled for surgery with the indication of CHD and its applicability as a predictive marker of both clinical status of the patient during postoperative follow-up period and in-patient morbidity and mortality.
It is a nonspecific indicator of inflammatory disease that is also increased in anemia.
The neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) provides an indicator of inflammatory status.
An analysis of the IL-10/TNF-α ratio is often used as an indicator of inflammatory conditions [32, 111].
Samples were taken from the right lower lobe to assess for wet:dry weight ratio, as an indicator of inflammatory oedema.
Hyperfibrinogenemia is also an indicator of inflammatory changes, which result in endothelial dysfunction (22– 22).
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Although cytokines have been extensively evaluated in GCF as quantitative biochemical indicators of inflammatory periodontal status [10], there has been an increasing interest on understanding their contributions as mediators of OTM owing to their role in bone and tissue remodeling.
Most biomarkers in GCF and saliva are indicators of inflammatory events that precede the destruction of the alveolar bone [ 26].
Inflammatory cytokines are also physiological mediators, not merely indicators, of inflammatory processes, cytotoxity, cell injury and osteoclast activity (and therefore mediators of bone resorption) [ 78- 80].
Increased protein levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and catabolic factors (ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5) are considerd to be solid indicators of inflammatory catabolic changes in intervertebral discs [ 16– 18, 58– 60].
Other tests of inflammation such as total leukocyte counts, differential leukocyte counts and fibrinogen concentration have been more readily available to equine practitioners, but are rather insensitive indicators of inflammatory diseases in horses [ 4- 6].
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