Accuracy is an important indicator of indoor localization performance.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association between breast cancer risk and an important source of ambient PAH exposure, the use of indoor stoves/fireplaces, an indicator of indoor air pollution [ 34].
However, this result may relate to the question being a poor indicator of indoor air pollution exposures (e.g., because of ventilation in Nigerian houses or smoking habits) or lack of statistical power, or both, rather than a lack of effect.
In the context of a prospective multicenter birth cohort the aim of this study is to analyze the association between the presence of gas cooking at home (an indicator of indoor air pollution) during pregnancy and respiratory problems in children during their first year of life.
In the investigation, the concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde are regarded as indicators of indoor air quality.
However, the analyses were adjusted for some indicators of indoor air quality (passive smoking, time of air refreshing, traffic near home, socioeconomic factors).
Compared with the main analyses, adjustment for additional indicators of indoor air quality provided very similar association estimates (see Supplemental Material, Table S4).
Moreover, when three other indicators of indoor air quality were included, the results were confirmed (see Supplemental Material, Tables S4), although we acknowledge that these analyses adjusting for relatively rough indicators do not rule out confounding by indoor exposures.
Housing conditions and indoor dampness were assessed through the reported presence of eight different indicators of indoor dampness, including mouldy or musty smell, moist cardboard and newspapers after storage, dew on windows, moist spots on ceilings, walls or wallpapers, leakage detection on water pipes or faucet, leakage from roof or ground, or moisture in the floors.
Epidemiologic studies generally have used only the presence of gas appliances as an indicator of elevated indoor NO2, or have measured NO2 but not other gas combustion emissions.
However, consistent with other studies [ 15, 36], we found that dust serves as a stable matrix and indicator of potential indoor exposure for some pesticides.
