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The study, based on 11,117 identical and non-identical twins, shows that a child's genes are a more important indicator of educational performance across all the core subjects - accounting for 52 per cent of the difference in scores in English, 55 per cent in maths and 58 per cent in science.
The results are not substantially different if we use reading or math scores instead of science scores as indicator of educational performancel.
The effect of technical assistance on promotion rates and achievement test results raises serious questions about the meaningfulness of repetition data as a valid indicator of educational attainment.
Piedmont is the only Italian Region for which it is possible to use an individual indicator of educational level in so large a population.
A study of consumption of organic food in Denmark and Great Britain reported an increased propensity to buy organic food with higher 'social group', a composite indicator of educational level and income.
The percentage of people over 25 with a college degree or above was used as an indicator of educational level and the percentage of black people was used to adjust for race.
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The education domain included indicators of educational attainment at Key Stages 2, 3 and 4, secondary school absence rates, and destinations of children at age 16.
In studies of area-level indicators of educational level, no significant effect modification was found for attained high school education in nine California counties (Basu and Ostro 2008), or for the percentage of residents of each city with a college education in 12 U.S. cities (Braga et al. 2002).
As a fall back, economists have relied on years of schooling or indicators of Educational Attainment.
The professional performance level of their alumni is one of the quality indicators of educational institutions.
Covariates include a vector of four indicators of educational attainment, a quadratic in age, and an indicator of marital status.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com