Exact(4)
In contrast with the repressive effects of promoter hypermethylation, hypomethylation events can lead to gene overexpression that can significantly stimulate breast cancer progression and metastasis [ 37] as well as being an effective molecular indicator of distant metastases [ 38].
In a follow-up study [ 69], the most powerful indicator of distant relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients was a set of MMPs and TIMPs whose expression was specific to tumor-associated mononuclear inflammatory cells.
The spectrum and systemic hypotheses, however, suggest that lymph node involvement can be an indicator of distant disease and therefore sentinel node biopsy is also a staging tool to select patients for adjuvant systemic treatment.
The proportion of tumor cells showing cytoplasmic p27 staining in the primary cancers was positively associated with the number of lymph nodes affected at diagnosis (Spearman's r = 0.22, one-sided p = 0.007), an early indicator of distant metastatic potential (Fig. 6b).
Similar(56)
The small craft generate almost no forces of their own and so are sensitive indicators of any distant tugging.
The presence of lymph node invasion is one of the strongest indicators for prognoses of distant metastasis and survival in most cancers [ 1, 2].
For samples meeting all quality thresholds, a clinically validated algorithm is used to determine the intrinsic subtype and ROR score, which are prognostic indicators of risk of distant recurrence of breast cancer [ 19, 21].
In early breast cancer, local relapses represent a determinant and not simply an indicator of risk for distant relapse and death.
The role of Bcl-2 in malignant transformations is still controversial (Tron et al, 1995; Selzer et al, 1998), whereas there is evidence to suggest that Bcl-2 expression could be an indicator of lymph node and distant metastases (Grover and Wilson, 1996; Hernberg et al, 1998).
Information on indicators of illness status and disease progression including stage, tumour site, maximum tumour diameter, lymph node status, presence of distant metastases and other prognostic indicators will also be obtained.
Importantly, MACC1 overexpression at the invasive front was significantly associated with presence of distant metastasis and was a strong prognostic indicator.
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