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The unreliable value of creatinine as an indicator for renal damage was previously reported in the literature [34].
Nadir creatinine (lowest creatinine during the first year following diagnosis) is the recognised prognostic indicator for renal outcome in PUV, the most commonly used cut-off being 1 mg/dl (88.4 umol/l).
Serum creatinine as the current gold standard indicator for renal dysfunction is mainly eliminated via glomerular filtration, but glomeruli are less susceptible to an event of ischemia-reperfusion, and tubular injury occurs before a decline in glomerular filtration is noted [10].
Serum creatinine levels were assayed as an indicator for renal injury in the samples by a calorimetric method [ 38], using commercial diagnostic kits (Diamond Diagnostics, Egypt).
On the other hand, decreased levels of H3K4 trimethylation were reported to be a negative prognostic indicator for renal cell carcinoma.
The CEUS parameter AUC1 holds promise as an indicator for renal microvascular hyperperfusion, while AUC2 might be a useful indicator of declining glomerular filtration rate in DKD patients with decreased excretion of uric acid.
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Several baseline parameters were identified as independent prognostic indicators for renal toxicity.
Uβ2-MG was chosen as an indicator for Cd-induced reffectsfects [ 13, 14, 18].
The adjusted hazard ratio for the presence of either indicator of renal impairment was 1.15 (0.97 to 1.35) and was 3.41 (1.51 to 7.71) for the presence of both.
These renal markers were selected because they are known to be among the most sensitive and reliable indicators for screening renal damage in populations that are occupationally or environmentally exposed to heavy metals (Bernard and Hermans 1997).
Serum was also collected from all mice on day 10 for urea nitrogen determination as an indicator of renal function.
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