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This result calls into question the use of this trait as a broadly applicable indicator for prenatal androgen exposure.
The varying direction of sex effect on digit ratio calls into question the use of this trait as a broadly applicable indicator for prenatal androgen exposure.
The ratio of digit lengths is fixed in utero, and may be a proxy indicator for prenatal testosterone levels.
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Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were observed in the amniotic fluid at 42 week gestation and subsequently in the 2-month-old infant indicating the possible role of cholesterol and triglycerides as indicators for prenatal diagnosis of hyperlipidemia [105].
Birth order can be an indicator of prenatal effects, for instance first-born children are often lighter at birth than later children (Selvin and Janerich, 1971), however results were not affected by adjustment for birth weight.
Digit ratio (2D:4D) is used by researchers as an indicator of prenatal sex hormone exposure.
(3) It is known that right hand 2D∶4D is a better indicator of prenatal androgenization than left hand 2D∶4D [4].
Birth weight was the only available indicator of prenatal development, and data on living conditions within the household were not collected for the whole study period.
Preterm birth (PTB) is an indicator of prenatal disturbances of the placenta and of fetal development.
We used maternal bereavement during prenatal life as an indicator of prenatal stress as bereavement is likely to cause stress regardless of one's coping mechanisms.
We therefore consider the single monitoring time point to be a useful indicator of prenatal exposure to PAH via inhalation.
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