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We are still plagued by the lack of a useful early indicator for kidney injury, however, and the search for this holy grail continues.
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Furthermore, established serum biochemistry assays indicated that the three important hepatic indicators (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin) and two indicators for kidney functions (creatinine and urea) were at similar levels for the mice exposed to PAA-UCNPs and for the control mice.
The presence of an increased amount of protein in the urine (albuminuria) is an indicator for worsening kidney function and increases the risk of developing CRF.
The metabolic syndrome is also an independent indicator for chronic kidney disease [ 636] and may be related to liver steatosis [ 637].
The presence of an increased amount of albumin in the urine is an indicator for worsening kidney function and increases the risk of developing CRF.
b Biochemistry index for kidney fucntion biomarkers.
Moreover, these biomarkers are also considered to be good prognostic indicators for acute kidney injury (AKI) [ 11]-[ 14] and various forms of chronic kidney diseases [ 15],[ 16].
Additionally, testing of urine samples for protein is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease.
Urea (BUN) is another indicator of kidney function.BUN to creatinine ratio generally provides more precise information about kidney function.
These mice exhibited dose-dependent elevation of blood urea nitrogen, an indicator of kidney damage.
It is an indicator of kidney damage and is an early manifestation of impaired kidney function leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD).
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