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First, we used the number of physicians per bed as an indicator for intensity of physician services, but further knowledge of individual physician characteristics, such as surgeon volume and training status (residents/fellows/board-certified physicians), and nurse characteristics, such as nurse education and the nurse work environment [ 14] could refine our approach.
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This study was designed to investigate patterns of fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF, an indicator for the intensity of regional brain spontaneous activities) of patients with first-episode drug-naïve panic disorder (PD).
An indicator for the intensity of competitive pressures faced by the firm.
7 We acknowledge that the number of service providers is not a complete indicator for the intensity of competition.
Furthermore, increasing immunity in people could reduce the value of WNNID as indicator for transmission intensity.
Heart rate reserve, calculated as a difference between maximal and resting heart rate, was used as an indicator of intensity for exercise prescriptions [13] and monitored using an automatic monitor (DINAMAP® PRO, GE, St . Paul MN, US).
Here, we analyse spatial patterns of forest harvesting intensity as one indicator for forest management intensity across Europe, a region where most forests suitable for production are already in use and where future intensification is likely.
They simply compute the indicator of intensity of change for each type of tools as the first difference between these two composite indicators.7 We discretize these indicators by considering as substantial changes that exceed about one standard deviation8 of their distribution.
For an initial application of the approach, we focus on dealing with spatial irregularity, using real zebrafish data for the spatial coordinates of nuclei and the spatial gene expression patterns from the "MatchIT" and "AtlasIT" packages [ 4] but using artificial functions (simple math functions and a smooth approximation of an intensity indicator) for the expression (fluorescence) intensities.
High values regarding the two indicators for pain intensity stand for stronger pain.
Impervious surface is considered as a key indicator for evaluating urbanization intensity and environmental quality.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com