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Our results also highlight the limitations of using AMP expression as the sole indicator for activation of immune pathways during infection.
We demonstrated intense staining with the phosphorylation of IRS-1, a specific indicator for activation of the insulin and IGF-1Rs, in 44% of BE, 47% of dysplastic BE, and 70% of EACs.
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Therefore, we analyzed the activity of the caspases 3/7 as an indicator for the activation of caspase dependent apoptosis.
Apart from its role as indicator for the activation of the Toll pathway, IM1 could also be considered a more general indicator for immune activation, as it is induced in response to a variety of immune challenges (Kraaijeveld and Wertheim 2009).
We propose TSP-1 expression as an early indicator for the activation of immune responses following intracoronary stenting.
In various glomerular diseases, urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) level is a good indicator for the activation of intrarenal RAS.
As a simple indicator for relative activation or quiescence, we calculated the percentage of positive ACFF values among all of the earthquakes with significant changes in each grid with 0.3-degree spacing (Fig. 3).
Indeed, it was proposed that PDE5 phosphorylation could be used as an in vivo indicator for PKG activation [66].
GFAP, firstly considered to be specific for cells of astroglial lineage, is an alternative indicator for the activation of HSCs and consequent liver fibrogenesis [32], [33].
We thus investigated whether the Sec61 and SrpRβ disruptions activated the UPR by immunostaining for Hsc70 3, the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian chaperone BiP, a commonly used indicator for UPR activation.
We performed immunostaining of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (phospho-S6), the downstream target of mTOR complex 1 and S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and also a commonly used indicator for mTOR activation, in E6.5 control and mutant embryos [45].
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