Anecdotal evidence suggests that smalleye hammerhead catches have declined significantly off Trinidad and northern Brazil, which are likely indicative of population trends in the rest of its range.
Positive selection, as determined by comparing the rate of non-synononous over synonomous mutations, is indicative of population level selection pressure at any particular residue, and also regions of the HIV genome that more readily accommodate sequence variation.
Polymorphic attributes, or traits, are indicative of population frequency differences.
The Ust-Ishim shows the next lowest MPV of 0.9027 with minor deviations from a horizontal line likely indicative of population size changes in the refCEU population.
In the absence of selection, significant negative values of Fu's Fs and low values of R 2 are indicative of population expansion (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).
The mismatch distribution did not differ significantly from the null model of sudden expansion, with the observed and expected curves both indicative of population expansion (data not shown).
Statistical parsimony networks for both clade S and clade P showed star-like phylogenies, which are theoretically indicative of population expansions [ 37].
A spindly genealogical tree is indicative of population turnover, wherein novel antigenic phenotypes continually replace more primitive 'spent' phenotypes, purging their genealogical diversity.
The negative values of Fs that differ significantly from zero indicative of population's demographic expansion [ 27] also support the recent population expansion in western region (Fu's Fs = -7.07; P = 0.004).
An assumption is therefore made that the geography of these environmental conditions is relatively stable over time, and indicative of population exposures in the period before diagnosis in 2006 2008.
