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These only included residents having AF or previous stroke; no other indications were described.
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Approved indications are described as toxic and inflammatory liver diseases although at low doses it is also recommended for dyspepsia.
In all but 8 patients, NIV was used to treat an acute respiratory failure, the remaining indications being described as preventive of reintubation without evidence of respiratory failure.
31 32 Confounding by indication is described well in the pharmacoepidemiology literature 32 33and can cause significant bias.
The variability in baseline WOMAC score between hospitals in THR and TKR indication was described by range, mean and standard deviation (SD), mean and standard deviation weighted by the number of procedures at each hospital, high/low ratio or extremal quotient (EQ5-95), variation coefficient (CV5-95) and weighted variation coefficient (WCV5-95) for 5-95 perangeile range.
In 10 of the studies, indications for transfers were described [ 4, 15- 17, 19- 26, 26].
The detailed researcher's indication and the subjects' measurement posture were described in Jang's study [ 26].
The effectiveness of both interventions with mixed indications has been described in three systematic reviews, including second- and third generation implants and arthrodesis [ 5- 7].
The pattern of prescription varies among physicians and many influences on the doctor's prescription other than the clinical indications have been described [ 1- 3].
These patient indications, and their agreement with endoscopist indication, have been described in detail elsewhere [ 27].
There have been no modern clinical trials conducted in alcoholic cirrhosis; the trials dealing with this indication have been described in extenso in other publications.
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