Even if the marked heterogeneity is a true indication of population differences, different genotype frequencies do not imply differences in gene-effects on phenotype.
Also, no indication of population stratification was seen in numerous publications on the KORA studies [ 58].
However, although all neutrality tests were negative (an indication of population expansion), most were not significant.
These provide some indication of population sources and are currently used in countries such as Australia to locate source populations.
The higher genetic diversity and lack of indication of population growth are perfectly compatible with Center group representing a refuge for P. integrifolia ssp.
In contrast, we found no indication of population expansion in the two Bd-sheltered, geothermal spring fed subpopulations (MRHS and MRSS), or in the Bd-uninfected population House Spring (HS).
For Cactaceae, most of the species considered at risk were so due to a small native range size (http://www.iucnredlist.org/), and therefore, in this case, the list provides a rough proxy for native range size (as well as giving some indication of population trends).
We have collections from all three regions under study here, but the COI-5P sequences are virtually identical in all collections providing no indication of population structure and suggesting a recent dispersal from one ocean basin through the Arctic to the other, but the direction of any such migration remains uncertain, as does a putative LSR based on molecular data.
Both ant species are common in the Panama canal zone [ 38, 59, 60], appear to have outbred panmictic mating systems, and there is no indication of population substructuring in one of them (S. amabilis) that was barcoded at multiple Panamanian sites (J. Liberti et al. unpublished results).
