Real-time PCR analysis of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bclxl) expression gave no indication of an enhanced propensity to apoptosis (Additional file 4A).
Other approaches for tackling confounding by indication include the use of propensity score methods and instrumental variable analysis.
"Measuring student success merely through standardized test scores does not provide a realistic indication of that student's propensity to be successful outside of the classroom," said Brown.
If the past century is any indication of the automobile industry's propensity for change, it is clear that the green car of the future is following an evolutionary rather than revolutionary trajectory.
First, even though the use of propensity scores might have reduced indication bias, residual bias might still exist.
The findings we report here, however, are based on post hoc associative analyses and are subject to confounding by indication that can be only partially accounted for by adjustment and use of propensity analyses.
Figure 2. Distribution of propensity scores.
We have previously adjusted for 'confounding by indication' using propensity scores.
To control for confounding by indication, analyses were also conducted on a propensity-matched set, wherein each patient from the MMX mesalazine cohort was matched one to one with a comparator patient by decile of propensity scores (i.e., the probability of being prescribed MMX mesalazine versus comparator, regardless of actual drug received).
