For example, additive genetic variance could be construed as an indication of population-level entropy, while genetic correlations would be an indication of organizing principles constraining that variance.
Even if the marked heterogeneity is a true indication of population differences, different genotype frequencies do not imply differences in gene-effects on phenotype.
Also, no indication of population stratification was seen in numerous publications on the KORA studies [ 58].
However, although all neutrality tests were negative (an indication of population expansion), most were not significant.
These provide some indication of population sources and are currently used in countries such as Australia to locate source populations.
The higher genetic diversity and lack of indication of population growth are perfectly compatible with Center group representing a refuge for P. integrifolia ssp.
Further, we advocate for increased focus on community- rather than hospital-based sampling to provide a better indication of population-wide trends in antimicrobial resistance.
In contrast, we found no indication of population expansion in the two Bd-sheltered, geothermal spring fed subpopulations (MRHS and MRSS), or in the Bd-uninfected population House Spring (HS).
Although some studies found no association between disease (AD and/or ATH) and TOMM40 variants [ 32, 33], others reported associations, but in opposite directions [ 34- 36], a possible indication of population-specific risk factors.
For Cactaceae, most of the species considered at risk were so due to a small native range size (http://www.iucnredlist.org/), and therefore, in this case, the list provides a rough proxy for native range size (as well as giving some indication of population trends).
We have collections from all three regions under study here, but the COI-5P sequences are virtually identical in all collections providing no indication of population structure and suggesting a recent dispersal from one ocean basin through the Arctic to the other, but the direction of any such migration remains uncertain, as does a putative LSR based on molecular data.
