Clinical trials often include narrowly defined clinical indications and thus patient populations in order to meet regulatory or scientific requirements.
Further, the distribution of colonoscopy indications, and thus the usefulness and necessary extent of adjudication, may vary across settings, depending on population demographics and reimbursement policies.
Our finding of a substantially higher rate of AIDS-free survival among children who had never received HAART in comparison with those treated is most likely the result of confounding by indication, whereby children with immunological/clinical indications and thus with poorer survival prognosis were more likely to be prescribed HAART, but also more likely to have or to progress to AIDS or to die.
Analyses restricted to exposures before the onset of first symptoms may thus provide estimates free of indication bias and thus help to determine appropriate exclusion periods to compensate for the unavailability of data about the indication of examinations.
Further, we have previously shown that the use of a 'contemporary' untreated control cohort that is, where patients are potentially eligible for a DMT in an era when the DMTs are readily available, but remain untreated is subject to indication bias and thus a historical control cohort, with data collected pre-DMT use, is likely to be more appropriate.
Due to the filtering of identified possible AEs, we are not able to find AEs identical to the indication and are thus not able to identify deterioration in the original treatment cause.
This, in turn, would be an indication for CS and thus our findings help explain the increased rate of CS in diabetic patients.
Other previous studies included patients undergoing colorectal surgery for non-CRC indications and did thus not estimate the impact of liver disease on postoperative mortality related to CRC alone.
In most EU countries at the Eastern border of the EU, the majority of the foreign-born population is born in or has citizenship from a non-EU country and often a country with a relatively high burden of TB., Although being foreign-born does not give an indication of recent migration and thus of importation of TB, it does give an indication of whether the person is at higher risk of developing TB.
