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Thirty-nine adult patients who underwent LTx due to a single indication, i.e., HCV cirrhosis at the Karolinska University Hospital between March 2007 and May 2011, were included in the study.
Consequently, indication i is rated with disagreement if the IPR i > IPRAS i.
This was most probably due to confounding by indication (i.e. they were on these agents due to poor control).
Such confounding by indication (i.e., severity of depression) would underestimate the impact of antidepressant use on CRC risk.
Furthermore, it is possible that results were confounded by indication, i.e., participants may have been previously prescribed metformin in an attempt to treat hepatic steatosis.
However, most studies are observational and their results could be biased by confounding by indication, i.e. more severe patients being likely to receive higher doses of GC.
Thus a simple comparison of ever vs never-users of TZDs would be confounded by indication (i.e. subject to allocation bias).
One contributing factor could be confounding by indication, i.e. that the most severely ill patients tended to receive treatment earlier.
The following equation was used to establish the NES, with indication (i.e., PTR or OSR or none) with the greatest benefit noted.
That is the indication I got from him.
It was the only indication I saw of drug use.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com