In contrast, data from nuclear fallout studies (Bergmann et al, 2009) and quantitative studies of DNA synthesis using autoradiographic measurement of H-thymidine incorporation (Soonpaa & Field, 1997) indicate turnover rates of 1% or less per year.
We observed reduced phospho-β-catenin associated with APC in epithelial cells within 5 min of GSK3β inhibition, indicating that turnover of phosphorylation at these sites is rapid, and this was maintained during 6 h of treatment.
Surprisingly, carbidopa increased k3 in the striatum indicating increased turnover of the tracer, but it lowered k3 in the cerebellum.
The phospholipid content varied both in cellular and acellular fractions, indicating altered turnover of membrane lipids and surfactants.
At 48 h following N-addition, Photosystem I (p700 chlorophyll a apoproteins A1 and A2), photosystem II (44 kDa, 47 kDa, D1, and D2 proteins) and ATP synthase (CF0 α and F0 subunit C) transcripts were strongly up-regulated on the array, likely indicating increased turnover of these chloroplast encoded genes.
Increased amounts of these cell wall enzymes may indicate increased turnover of peptidoglycan during growth in syngas.
Another possible explanation is that our results indicate high turnover of vascular smooth muscle cells.
Teichmann et al. (2001) indicated frequent turnover of substrate binding domains and stability of catalytic domains in enzymes.
For instance, since there are six times as many Ser residues in proteoglycan compared with collagen II, the larger increase in Ser turnover could indicate greatest turnover of this pool.
This might indicate rapid turnover of genes in particular gene constellations and/or, that these genes are more difficult to annotate and assign as orthologs than others.
