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In all the simulations, we have used (sigma=0.1). Figure 1 demonstrates one run, with four coloured lines indicating the random limits for (e=0, 1, 2, 3). Figure 1 (pmb{K=2}), (pmb{a(0)=-1}), (pmb{a(1)=1}), (pmb{hat{g}=1}).
Moreover, the Wald p-values for the variance of the random effects (s11, s22) in the two model components respectively were highly significant (p-value < 0.0001) indicating the random effects were needed in the model to account for the correlation among measurements on the same subject.
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The second element indicates the random variation of crowd service.
Diagonal line on each figure indicates the random performance.
The ring features in both SAED patterns indicate the random orientations of the nanoparticles.
Monte Carlo simulation of moderately rare events of a random process indicate the random Fourier component phase PDFs are non-uniform, non-identically distributed, and dependent on the rarity of the target event.
where h t,τ) is the time-varying impulse response at time instance t and delay τ, ν is the Doppler frequency, and (mathbb H) indicates the random linear time-varying channel.
The data indicated the random match probability for the combination of these 20 Alu markers was greater than 1 in 3.8 million for the populations studied, indicating the greater statistical power of these autosomal nuclear DNA markers over haplotype systems typically used in such degraded samples.
Black dots indicate the random expectation obtained from the permuted alignments.
Here we use DN to indicate the random process that causes a developing trait to deviate from its expected growth trajectory (given its genotype and environmental conditions).
Year and nestbox plot effects on mate FPS were highly significant in all analyses, indicating the non-random distribution of available males in time and space.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com