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Effect-based tools have a great potential to monitor chemical contamination on the basis of its interaction with standardised biological laboratory systems indicating the exposure to chemicals with a specific mode of action (MoA) or effects on survival, growth or reproduction of aquatic organisms.
Although D/ α-Man and D/ β-Man lipoplexes do not differ with respect to size, surface charge, or supramolecular structure, they distinctly differ with respect to ConA recognition, indicating the exposure of mannose residues on these lipoplexes.
The spectrum of the termite-chewed sample showed higher intensity peaks, indicating the exposure and more vibration of aromatic rings (also supported by decreases in peaks 14 and 17) and the C = O bond (also supported by peaks 1 and 3) [ 32- 34].
A second group of biomarkers highlights early effects of these substances; the caffeine test, relevant in the event of exposure to PAHs [ 49], DNA-adducts in the lymphocytes, a biomarker of early effect indicating the exposure to gentoxics, and urinary 8-oxo-dG, a biomarker of early effect, corresponding to DNA oxidative stress [ 50].
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Color of the horizontal line underneath the **symbol indicates the exposure dose for which the comparison is made.
These facts indicate the exposure of more SOD1 hydrophobic surfaces that bind ANS regardless of presence of DNA.
Binding of annexin V indicates the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the particle surface.
The induction of P-450 forms can indicate the exposure of fish to PAHs, PCBs, and other toxic compounds.
The fluorescence intensity change indicates the exposure of previously hidden aromatic residues, which results from the disruption of the hydrophobic core or dissociation of subunits.
Transplacental transmission of HBV indicates the exposure of the infants to HBV but does not necessarily reflect active HBV infection in the infants' hepatocytes.
Furthermore, the presence of intracellular lipid in primary, circulating, and metastasized cells clearly indicated the exposure of cells to excess FFAs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com