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Note: Bold-faced type in transcript columns indicates words associated with each respective variable.
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Their study made use of the fact that the location of low-pitched F0 elbows, which may or may not be masked by voiceless sound segments, indicates word-boundary locations and is hence relevant for lexical-identification processes in French.
The artifacts have features that the researchers interpret as symbols indicating words.
The children were not given symbols indicating words or phrases to describe their pain (Johnson, Boshoff, & Bornman, 2015).
Square brackets containing text indicate explanation added during transcribing or analysis and capitals were added by transcribers to indicate words emphasised by speakers.
Participants indicated word decisions with their left index finger and nonword decisions with their left middle finger.
Also note that the knowledge of aphasia indicating word finding difficulties in people is domain-specific, and hence such knowledge cannot be obtained from an open-domain lexical resource.
The transcription conventions: indicates inaudible words or phrases.
Previous research indicates that words undergoing phonological shifts present difficulties for children learning to read (Carlisle, 2000).
In the following presentation of the findings, indicates that words were omitted from the quotation, author comments to clarify quotations appear in brackets, and hesitation is indicated by ….
If you are omitting words, indicate the deleted word or words by using an ellipsis marks (3 periods that are preceded and followed by a space).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com