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Moreover, the co-localization of α-SMA and major ECM proteins, namely type I collagen-α1 (COL I-α1) and fibronectin 1 (FN1) at the active fibrotic areas indicated the activation of PSCs and appeared to be positively correlated to the degree of fibrogenesis [ 5].
Early loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c and Smac (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases) clearly indicated the activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.
In contrast, the induction of two photolyase-encoding genes indicated the activation of photoprotective and repair mechanisms additionally to the presumably radiation-screening activity of UV radiation-increased p-coumaric acid and flavonols.
The increased catecholamine indicated the activation of sympathetic adrenergic system, which leading to the activation of protein lipase activity and increased endogenous lipolysis, so the high level of free fatty acids was detected [ 29].
TCDD treatment increased CYP1A1 mRNA and protein levels, which indicated the activation of AhR signaling.
Our studies have also indicated the activation of MDSCs by protein expression of phosphorylate STAT3.
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APX, CAT, and GR were enhanced at transcriptional level and in terms of enzyme activity, indicating the activation of antioxidant defence.
These genes related to energy metabolism were initiated early in the process, indicating the activation of respiratory activities in mitochondria and ATP release.
A pointed arrow indicates the activation of a target by an activator species, and a blunt arrow represents the inhibition of the target by an inhibitor.
The results showed that AIF silencing significantly activated Topflash but not Fopflash (Fig 4C), indicating the activation of WNT/β-catenin transcription in AIF knockdown cells.
IGMA analysis indicates the activation of the 〈1 1 1〉{1¯10} slip mode.
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