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Like our other 2 SNPs, rs2229741 and rs4986938 are not amino acid changing variants, being intronic and part of the 3′ UTR of their genes respectively, and it is possible that the weakness of the associations we have identified also indicate linkage to functional polymorphisms nearby.
This may indicate linkage across a much greater distance.
It is also important to remember that quantitative differences in band intensity can also indicate linkage.
The negative D' values indicate linkage disequilibrium between the common allele of one gene and the rare allele of the second gene.
The negative D' values indicate linkage disequilibrium between the commonest allele of one gene and the least common allele of the second gene (Table 2).
Heritability is high (Ritvo et al. 1985), and genomewide association studies indicate linkage with regions on every chromosome, suggesting a large number of genes may confer heightened autism susceptibility (Spence et al. 1985; Ylisaukko-oja et al. 2006).
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Consistent with the ecological model developed by Heise [ 39], the results indicate linkages between individual, relationship, community and societal influences for both understanding and response to IPV against women.
Several chromosomal regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating linkage or pleiotropic effects.
A number of QTL studies reported that one genomic region was associated with several traits, indicating linkage and/or pleiotropic effects.
A number of QTL studies showed that one genomic region was associated with several traits, especially yield component traits, indicating linkage and/or pleiotropic effects (Xiao et al., 1996; Tian et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2010).
Of 190 RAD alleles assigned to PxLG5, 82 were present in all spinosad-treated surviving offspring and six untreated controls, indicating linkage to the chromosome encoding resistance.
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