DIF does not necessarily indicate item bias or flaws with the item.
In the current study, we analysed the patterns of neural oscillatory activity recorded with magnetoencephalography while participants performed a change detection task, in which a spatial retro-cue was presented during the maintenance period, indicating which item or items were relevant for subsequent retrieval.
Data items stored nonconsecutively in memory may be linked by pointers (memory addresses stored with items to indicate where the "next" item or items in the structure are located).
Although data items are stored consecutively in memory, they may be linked together by pointers (essentially, memory addresses stored with an item to indicate where the next item or items in the structure are found) so that the data can be organized in ways similar to those in which they will be accessed.
Although data items are stored consecutively in memory, they may be linked together by pointers (essentially, memory addresses stored with an item to indicate where the "next" item or items in the structure are found) so that the items appear to be stored differently than they actually are.
A retro-cue consisted of one or two arrows originating from the fixation cross pointing to one or two of the four locations that had been occupied by a rectangle in the memory array, thus indicating where a relevant item or items were present (validity 100%) (Lepsien et al., 2005; Matsukura et al., 2007).
DIF contrast in bold indicate items which exhibited differential item functioning A high level of agreement was found between the abbreviated form of the I-QOL and the original version at both baseline and week 12: ICC = 0.900 (CI 95%%: 0.886 0.912) and 0.944 (CI 95%%: 0.936 0.950).
Rasch item reliability coefficients were high, indicating item difficulty estimates were scattered along a continuum.
Nine items were highly correlated (r ≥ 0.75) with other items indicating item redundancy.
Observations were only available for the lower part of the item characteristic curve for most items, indicating that items were very difficult and were completed by most participants in the mode of engagement.
Significant P values for item fit indicate an item is not measuring tree-thinking.
