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Further, data to date, although limited, do not indicate greater exposure to this chemical in the affected areas compared to non-endemic surrounding areas [ 36, 37].
Second, the monitored pollutants were used as "markers" of human polluting activities: Higher concentrations may indicate greater exposure to a mixture of other unmeasured pollutants.
Its Total score is derived by summing the responses (scored 0 4) on the 45 scored items for the Media, Reported/Hearsay, Witnessed, Victim, and World Violence subscales; higher scores indicate greater exposure.
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The multi-item survey was summarized into a continuous score with higher scores indicating greater exposure using Rasch modeling, as detailed previously (Suglia et al. 2008b).
Chi-square tests also indicated greater exposure to violence amongst those with least education, single respondents (only in 2000), with higher weekly alcohol intake and not using medication.
Interestingly, the most obvious change was observed in the range of 1300 to 1600 cm-1, indicating greater exposure of the guaiacyl rings and C-O bonds (peak 12), as well as esterification of -OCH3 groups (peak 13) [ 34].
To measure residence index participants responded to the question: "How long have you lived in the United States?" The residence index was determined by subtracting the participant's age from the question response; smaller differences indicated greater exposure to US culture.
Non-smokers with higher serum cotinine levels, indicating greater SHS exposure, were also resident in the north of the UK, from manual social class, physically inactive and younger, male, ex-smokers rather than never-smokers, and less likely to be non-drinkers or occasional alcohol drinkers compared with non-smokers with undetectable SHS exposure.
Fewer studies have considered long-term exposures, though some indicate greater associations between long-term air pollution and mortality among less-educated adults (Hoek et al. 2002; Krewski et al. 2000).
Lower numbers indicate greater disability.
Higher values indicate greater inequality.
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